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0033-D-DBV-AK Software-Reinforced concrete cantilever support in accordance with DIN EN 1992-1-1 using NA – General method

An example by the working group DBV-Arbeitskreis Software für Baustatik

The example was created by

Bert Ziems, Ria Tautz, David Krybus, Dipl. Ing. (FH) Alexander Meierhofer

and published on 31.08.2021 on

published. You can find it at https://evadat.com/en/bsp/0033/.

It was qualified on 22.12.2023.

title-image.png
Developed by Bert Ziems, Ria Tautz, David Krybus, Dipl. Ing. (FH) Alexander Meierhofer
Published on: 31.08.2021 | Qualified on: 22.12.2023
D0Classification
  • ClassD · Standards-based verification example
  • Structural system typeSpecial component
  • MechanicsStatics - second-order theory
  • Material lawElastic-plastic
  • MaterialConcrete/reinforced concrete/prestressed concrete
  • Verification formatUltimate limit state verification
  • StandardDIN EN 1992
D1Problem description
This section was machine-translated by DeepL.

D1.1Task description

The support examined here corresponds to Example 10 from [1] and is already covered by EvaDAT: .

The load-bearing capacity is now to be verified in accordance with the General Method for Normal Temperatures (geometrically and materially non-linear calculation) as set out in DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA:2015-12 and DIN EN 1990/NA:2012-12.

In order to limit the large variations in the design results initially observed to those actually attributable to the method, comparing the deformations determined in the GZT with a given reinforcement scheme and focusing on two load combinations proved to be a suitable approach. By using significantly less reinforcement than in Example 10 – close to the minimum required for load-bearing capacity – clearly perceptible effects arising from second-order theory became apparent. In a second variant, the stiffening effect of the concrete between the cracks is taken into account.

D1.2Theoretical foundations

A wide range of non-linear methods with different implementation variants is available, as summarised in [4], Chapter 1.5. In [3], Chapter 3.4.2.2, it is noted that when using software programmes for the numerical calculation of slender pressure members, varying calculation results may occur. It is therefore essential to carefully consider the boundary conditions and assumptions.

Non-linear material model:

According to [2] The non-linear method set out in DIN EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 5.7 (global safety factor γR) may lead to uneconomical design results for columns that are highly dependent on deformations and is therefore not considered in this example. Instead, the method set out in DIN EN 1992-1-1, Section 5.8.6, is used. In its extension according to DIN 1992-1-1/NA, in [3] Known as the ‘Modified general method in accordance with DIN EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 5.8.6’, it has proved to be the most suitable method for compression members. It will therefore also be applied in the comparative calculations in this example. As it is only suitable for determining internal forces, a subsequent verification of the cross-section’s load-bearing capacity is required (double-checking).

Tensile reinforcement:

According to DIN EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 5.8.6, tensile stiffening may be taken into account without any further details being provided regarding the procedure. Two basic methods are described in the literature: one involves a modified stress–strain curve for the reinforcing steel in accordance with [4] or a modified stress-strain curve for concrete according to [5]. The preferred approach in this example is to take account of the reinforced concrete using a modified stress-strain curve.

Creep:

There are also several methods available for taking creep into account, each with a different degree of approximation, In addition to the method described in DIN EN 1992-1-1, Section 5.8.6, which takes account of creep via the concrete working line shifted by (1+φeff), the approach of applying a creep pre-strain according to Westerberg [6] or the approach based on pre-curvatures determined from creep settlements [7] known. In the comparative calculations, the Westerberg method should preferably be used.

D1.2.1Summary of the assumptions made

(1) The internal forces according to second-order theory:
Stress-strain curve for concrete according to Eq. 3.14 with design values; according to DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA, reduced mean values may be used
\left(\frac{f_{cm}}{\gamma_C},\,\frac{E_{cm}}{\gamma_C E}\right)
Stress–strain curve for reinforcing steel in accordance with 3.2.7, Figure 3.8, using design values
\left(f_{yd},\,\frac{f_{tk}}{\gamma_S}\right)

(2) Load-bearing capacity at the cross-section:

For the shear force condition at the end of the iteration, a check is carried out to determine whether the stress in the cross-section can also be accounted for using the stress-strain lines with design values in accordance with 3.1.7 for concrete and 3.2.7 for reinforcing steel, without, however, taking the tensile stiffening into account.
\left(f_{cd},\,f_{yd},\,\frac{f_{tk,\mathrm{cal}}}{\gamma_S}\right)

(3) Creep pre-straining according to Westerberg [6]:

This is based on an idealised load history. First, permanent loads Fperm are applied (B).
The increase in deformations (B\to C) under continuous loading is achieved by reducing the modulus of elasticity, whereby all strain values of the concrete in the stress-strain diagram are multiplied by the factor (1+ \varphi) is multiplied. The pre-deformation v0 is derived from the difference between the deformations with and without the influence of creep, and represents the starting point (E) for the calculation using design load cases. The calculation is carried out iteratively, separately for each load case combination.

(4) Tensile reinforcement with a modified stress-strain curve for reinforcing steel [8, Bild H5-11 bzw. H5-12].

- Concrete tensile strength:

The tensile stiffening is determined by the ratio of the steel stress resulting from the external load to that resulting from the crack section dimensions. In this context, it is also considered sufficient in the GZT, when determining the crack section dimensions, to assume the tensile strength as fctm, because the deformation is calculated as the integration of curvatures determined at many cross-sections, and thus individual weak points with lower strength do not have any serious consequences.
- Factor ßt = 0.4 for a single, short-term load
- Factor δd = 0.8 for high-ductility steel B500 B

(5) Further assumptions:

- The calculations for the cross-section are carried out using the gross dimensions of the concrete cross-section.
- The self-weight of the column is continuously applied as a line load in the axial direction
- Reduced partial safety factors for precast elements are not used.

D1.3System

The column is located within a three-span flat hall frame. The frame consists of four cantilever columns and three individual trusses hinged to them. The column in question is one of the two end columns.

Hall cross-section.pngHall_Cross-Section_System.png

The frame effect is only taken into account for the horizontally acting wind load by applying previously determined coupling forces at the column head. In addition, horizontal column forces are applied for the vertical loads to compensate for the displacements at the column head resulting from the eccentric application of loads at the column head (symmetry of deformation).

Kraefte.png

For the design analysis, the edge column is modelled as a single column – an elastically fixed cantilever column subjected to uniaxial loading in the transverse direction of the hall.

The column height is taken to be the height of the beam supports above the top of the foundation (lcol = 6.20 m). The overhang is taken into account by applying the appropriate loads from dead weight and wind.

Detailed_drawing_of_edge_support.pngDetailed_drawing_of_support.png

Foundation rotation is defined in [1] This is taken into account, approximately, by increasing the buckling length coefficient to ß = 2.1 (instead of ß = 2.0). This corresponds to an elastic restraint at the base with a torsional spring constant of 340,000 kNm.

Cross-section:
Rectangle
450 x 400 mm
Reinforcement spacing
d1 = 38 mm
Cross-section.png

Creep:

According to EN 1992-1-1, Annex B, for C30/37 concrete, the effective thickness of the cross-section, a curing age of 28 days, an air humidity of 50 per cent and Class N cement, the creep coefficient is φ∞= 2.33.

Given that the assumptions for this example are the same, we use

D1.4Material

Concrete
C30/37
Ecm = 33,000 N/mm2
fcd = 17 N/mm2
Reinforcing steel
B500B
fyk = 500 N/mm2
fyd = 435 N/mm2

D1.5Effects

Continuous stresses (\gammaG = 1.35)

Gk1
Constant vertical live load on trusses
Vertical load at the truss support ey = 10.0 cm
VGk,1 = 400 kN
H-load at the level of the truss support (see 1.3)
HGk,1 = 9.67 kN
Gk2
Dead weight of support + overhang
Dead weight distributed continuously over the height of the supports
vGk,2 = 4.5 kN/m
Dead weight, overhang at the top ey = -14.0 cm
VGk,3 = 3.2 kN

Variable loads (\gammaQ =1.5)

QSk
Snow y0= 0.5 (towns and villages up to 1,000 m above sea level)
vertical support load, Binder ey = 10 cm
VQk,s = 68 kN
H-load at the level of the truss support (see 1.3)
HQk,s = 1.64 kN
QWk
Wind (Wind Zone IV) y0 = 0.6, pressure and suction act alternately
horizontal line load over the height of the column
Suction
wk,s = -1.85 kN/m
Print
wk,d = 4.32 kN/m
Edge moment and edge load based on a cantilever length of h = 1.90 m
Suction
Hw, k, s= -3.5 kN
Mw, k, s= -3.33 kNm
Print
Hw,k,d= 8.20 kN
Mw,k,d= 7.8 kNm
Coupling force (see 1.3)
Suction
Fh, k, S= 2.22 kN
Print
Fh, k, d= -13.74 kN
Imperfection
accordingly [1] is given by the coefficient for the column length \alpha_h = \frac{2\sqrt{l}}{l} = 0.803 and load-bearing columns coupled with m=4 \alpha_m = \sqrt{0.5 \cdot (1 + 1/m)} = 0.79 a tilt \theta_i = \frac{1}{200} \cdot 0.803 \cdot 0.79 = \frac{1}{315} and thus an unintended offset at the column head of e_{i}=\theta_{i}\cdot\frac{l_0}{2}=\frac{1300}{2\cdot315}=2.1\,\mathrm{cm}

Load level at which creep occurs:

a quasi-continuous combination of effects

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D5References
  1. [1] Deutscher Beton- und Bautechnik-Verein e. V.: Deutscher Beton- und Bautechnik-Verein E. V.: Beispiele zur Bemessung nach Eurocode 2. Band 1: Hochbau.: Ernst & Sohn 2011.; mit Korrekturen Juni 2012. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn. 2021.
  2. [2] Empelmann, M.; Fischer, O.; Cramer, J.; Henke, M.: Berechnung von Druckgliedern mit nichtlinearen Verfahren. In: Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbeton e.V. (DAfStb): DAfStb Heft 630. Berlin: Beuth Verlag. 2018.
  3. [3] Graubner, C.; Müller, D.; Rombach, G.; Zeier, J.: Schnittgrößenermittlung unter Berücksichtigung nichtlinearen Materialverhaltens. In: Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbeton e.V.- DAfStb: DAfStb Heft 631. Beuth Verlag. 2019.
  4. [4] Hegger, J.; Fingerloos, F.; Ignatiadis, A.: Teil 1: Erläuterungen zu DIN EN 1992-1-1 und DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA. In: Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbeton - DAfStb: DAfStb Heft 600. Berlin: Beuth Verlag. 2020. ISBN 978-3-410-65838-2.
  5. [5] Pfeiffer, U.: Die nichtlineare Berechnung ebener Rahmen aus Stahl- oder Spannbeton mit Berücksichtigung der durch das Aufreißen bedingten Achsendehnung. Cuvillier Verlag. 2004.
  6. [6] Westerberg, B.: Second order effects in slender concrete structures. Stockholm: Betongbyggnad. 2004.
  7. [7] Quast, U.: Lineares oder nichtlineares Kriechen bei Druckgliedern. In: Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 99 (10), 2004.
  8. [8] Fingerloos, F.; Hegger, J.; Ignatiadis, A.: Kapitel 5.7 nichtlineare Verfahren. In: Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbeton e.V. - DAfStb: DAfStb Heft 600 Teil 1: Erläuterungen zu DIN EN 1992-1-1 und DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA. Beuth. 2020.
Editors
Bert Ziems FRILO Software GmbH (Stuttgart, Germany)
–
Creator
Bert Ziems FRILO Software GmbH (Stuttgart, Germany)
B5+ Stahlbetonstütze (01/24) FRILO Software GmbH
Editor 1
Ria Tautz SOFiSTiK AG (Garching, Germany)
SOFiSTiK FEA (Service Pack 2024-1.0) SOFiSTiK AG
Editor 2
David Krybus RIB Software GmbH (Stuttgart, Germany)
BEST (22.0) RIB Software GmbH
Editor 3
Dipl. Ing. (FH) Alexander Meierhofer Dlubal Software GmbH (Tiefenbach, Germany)
RFEM (5.33) Dlubal Software GmbH
Editor 4
Bert Ziems Creator, Editor 1

FRILO Software GmbH (Stuttgart, Germany)

Software used: B5+ Stahlbetonstütze (01/24) FRILO Software GmbH
Ria Tautz Editor 2

SOFiSTiK AG (Garching, Germany)

Software used: SOFiSTiK FEA (Service Pack 2024-1.0) SOFiSTiK AG
David Krybus Editor 3

RIB Software GmbH (Stuttgart, Germany)

Software used: BEST (22.0) RIB Software GmbH
Dipl. Ing. (FH) Alexander Meierhofer Editor 4

Dlubal Software GmbH (Tiefenbach, Germany)

Software used: RFEM (5.33) Dlubal Software GmbH